Modeling, Coordinated Control and Engineering Applications of Renewable-Powered Green Hydrogen Production and Storage Systems Under Variable Operating Conditions: A Review

Green hydrogen production and storage systems based on renewable energy serve as a core solution to mitigating renewable energy curtailment fluctuations, remedying large-scale long-duration energy storage shortages, and supporting the low-carbon and sustainable development of energy systems. However, complex and dynamic variable operating conditions significantly affect system energy efficiency, operational stability, and comprehensive sustainability performance, restricting the engineering implementation and long-term operational performance of green hydrogen systems. This paper focuses on variable-condition modeling and control technologies for renewable-powered green hydrogen production and storage systems, reviewing major technological innovations and engineering advances reported from 2020 to 2026 while incorporating earlier foundational studies where necessary. It defines the core classification of variable operating conditions and clarifies their influencing mechanisms on system operational performance. In terms of individual equipment and system collaborative regulation, it also summarizes breakthroughs in mechanism-driven, data-driven, and hybrid modeling approaches, as well as the practical engineering applications of hierarchical collaborative control strategies. Based on global megawatt-scale demonstration practices, it further identifies the critical technical bottlenecks limiting the sustainable development and large-scale deployment of green hydrogen systems and outlines promising research and optimization directions for future exploration. The conclusions and prospects of this review provide insightful references for the adaptive optimization, stable and efficient operation, and scaled-up application of green hydrogen systems under variable operating scenarios, thereby facilitating their in-depth integration into emerging power systems and advancing the low-carbon transition and sustainable development of the energy sector.