Modeling and Optimal Input Design for Infra-Hepatic Blood Flow Regulation Systems

Infra-hepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) balloon occlusion is an effective strategy for reducing intraoperative bleeding during precision liver surgery, yet rapid balloon inflation can produce abrupt transient deviations in downstream venous pressure that are not yet quantitatively characterized. Current practice relies on operator experience, with no quantitative framework to balance occlusion efficacy against downstream pressure safety. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the balloon-occluded IVC was developed in ANSYS 2025 R2 with two-way fluid–structure interaction (FSI), Carreau–Yasuda blood rheology, and a balloon described by an Ogden hyperelastic model; the flow regime was laminar (Re ≈ 254). Reduced-order ARX models of four input–output subsystems were identified from CFD-generated data, and a model predictive control (MPC) strategy was formulated to penalize downstream pressure overshoot through a weighted cost function. The identified models achieved training normalized root-mean-square errors of 0.0363 to 0.1164 and out-of-sample validation errors of 0.1224 to 0.2381. Conventional sigmoid inflation induced a 45.82% overshoot in downstream pressure (Paft); the optimal input signal (q = [0,1,0,0], λ = 0.1) reduced this to 6.05%, a reduction of 39.77 percentage points, while preserving >90% flow occlusion at UF = 3 × 104 Pa. The proposed framework offers a quantitative basis for balloon-occlusion device design that limits downstream pressure overshoot, motivating subsequent benchtop, ex vivo, and in vivo validation.