Modeling Agritourism Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Analysis of Operational Profiles, Constraints, and Capacity Gaps Across Europe and Oceania

Contemporary global tourism is undergoing a structural transformation toward immersive, experiential “diving” modalities, establishing the countryside as a critical axis for constructive and regenerative travel. Despite this shift, academic literature remains bottlenecked by informational fragmentation, routinely prioritizing consumer demand over supply-side operator agency. To resolve this empirical deficit, this study utilizes a qualiquantitative, multi-sited, sequential mixed-methods research design across Europe and Oceania, focusing on agritourism as a significant sub-sector. The empirical findings reveal that while global agritourism is unified by a profound biographical territorial embedding, its operational architecture splits into two polarized configurations. The European Institutionalized Mature Model is highly market-driven, demand-responsive, and insulated by top-down public policy frameworks, yet it is severely constrained by generational succession grids and an aging demographic. In contrast, the Oceanian Decentralized Identity Frontier Model represents a youth-centric, female-dominated structure born of necessity within Small Island Developing States, driven by intrinsic cultural pride but exposed to a complete policy vacuum and severe climate variability. The research diagnoses an advanced sub-specialization training shortfall in Europe regarding environmental and social agriculture, and a foundational corporate capacity deficit in Oceania concerning financial risk hedging, compliance, and direct-to-consumer digital infrastructure.