Micro/Nanomotors and Synthetic Polymers: Pioneering New Approaches for Antimicrobial Therapy

Abstract:

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that cause diseases are one of the greatest threats facing people's lives around the globe because of the abuse of antibiotics. Due to increasing resistance, antibiotics are becoming less effective. Therefore, there is an immediate need for the development of strong antibiotics. In this regard, the accelerated development of micro/nanomotors (MNMs) represents a landmark in the field of antibacterial agents, despite the hurdles that need to be overcome. MNMs provide an excellent chance to fight bacterial infections by using varying sources of energy and transforming them into propulsion. Their movement allows them to target microbes and maximize the effectiveness of drugs. They also enable more effective removal of bacteria by confining drug-free antibacterial therapies, such as photothermal and photodynamic therapy, to the infection site. In addition, these MNMs achieve broad‑spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, low toxicity, and resistance to bacterial adaptation, offering a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics and helping curb their overuse and misuse, a central problem in conventional antimicrobial treatments. This overview covers antimicrobial micro‑ and nanorobots and their activities in preventing biofilm formation, starting with recent advancements and their use against a wide range of bacteria and microorganisms. Furthermore, the present review discusses the current status of SAPs, with emphasis on their mechanism of action and efficacy. In addition, some opinions regarding future applications of SAPs that may lead to paradigm shifts in the management of infectious diseases are shared. Nevertheless, in order for the practical application of MNMs and SAPs to become possible, further investigations will be required into their potential side effects in humans and their cost-effectiveness compared with conventional therapeutics.