Methodical Aspects of Calculation of Technical Energy Losses in a Direct Current Electric Network

This paper addresses probabilistic and statistical methods for calculating technical energy losses in direct current (DC) networks. A DC network model is adopted as the basis for the analysis, and several approaches are compared in terms of qualitative features and computational efficiency. The load profile is described using probabilistic indicators, emphasizing the importance of accounting for correlation moments (CMs) between node powers and CMs between voltages to reduce calculation errors. A correction procedure for the mathematical expectation of node voltages is proposed, which significantly improves the accuracy of loss estimation. Simulation studies on representative four-node DC test networks show that the proposed method reduces the root mean square error in loss estimation by up to 15–20% compared with traditional approaches based solely on mean load values. The results confirm that the correction of node voltage expectations provides a good balance between accuracy and computational cost and can be recommended as an independent procedure within existing probabilistic frameworks for loss assessment.