Metaverse technologies in public libraries: A PRISMA-guided systematic review of barriers, opportunities, and future directions

Metaverse technology integration in public libraries offers revolutionary possibilities to improve information availability, user engagement, and interactive learning. This study carefully evaluates current literature to examine the hurdles, potential, and future directions of metaverse adoption in public libraries. The study used seven database sources – ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA). The study was conducted between 2015 and 2025 and publication type included are book chapters, conference proceedings, and peer-reviewed journal papers were given preference. The inclusion criteria include studies that examined the best practices, policies, opportunities, and obstacles associated with the implementation of the metaverse in libraries; comprehensive literature reviews, empirical research published in respectable peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, or edited volumes, as well as studies using quantitative, qualitative, or mixed approaches, were all taken into consideration. However, the study excluded studies that had no bearing on public libraries and only addressed academic or special libraries. The report lists the advantages of metaverse technology, such as improved digital collections, cutting-edge service delivery methods, and immersive virtual learning environments. It also examines programs, rules, and best practices that have been put in place worldwide to facilitate the integration of the metaverse into public library environments. Despite these developments, a number of obstacles prevent broad acceptance, including high implementation costs, technological constraints, a lack of digital literacy, and moral dilemmas related to security and privacy. The report also discusses ways to make the most of metaverse technology, highlighting the necessity of cooperative policy frameworks, training in digital skills, and infrastructure development. According to research, metaverse technologies have the potential to completely transform library services, but to ensure fair access, a systematic and inclusive strategy is necessary. The study adds to the expanding conversation on digital transformation in public libraries by providing useful information for scholars, policymakers, and library workers. It highlights the need for more empirical research to evaluate the practical uses of metaverse technologies across diverse socioeconomic and cultural contexts. Cost–benefit analysis, ethical issues, and the potential of AI to improve metaverse-based library services should be the main topics of future studies. Public libraries can fully utilise metaverse technologies to remain influential, relevant, and accessible in the digital age by addressing three key issues.