Merging Galaxy Clusters and the Search for New Physics of Dark Matter: A Review

Merging galaxy clusters represent one of the most powerful macroscopic laboratories in the Universe for searching for new physics within the dark sector. High-velocity cosmic collisions inherently separate the dark matter and stellar components from the highly collisional, X-ray-emitting intracluster gas. These massive systems provide an ideal environment to probe the fundamental nature of dark matter, specifically testing whether it behaves as a strictly collisionless particle or exhibits non-zero self-interactions. While pioneering systems like the Bullet Cluster historically demonstrated the macroscopic decoupling of dark and ordinary matter, the field has evolved into a sophisticated discipline driven by multi-disciplinary methodologies. This review synthesizes recent theoretical and empirical advances in interpreting post-collision dynamics. It examines how the synergy of combined approaches—integrating multi-wavelength observations from gravitational lensing and X-ray mapping with high-fidelity N-body hydrodynamical simulations—allows the translation of macroscopic spatial observables into stringent constraints on microscopic particle properties. Through this synthesis, the work evaluates how leveraging heterogeneous merger ensembles can reliably advance the ongoing search for physics beyond the standard cosmological model.