Measuring Temporal Socioeconomic Resilience to Earthquakes Using the Adjusted Mazziotta–Pareto Index: Evidence from Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the world’s most seismically active countries, experiencing frequent earthquakes that make assessing regional resilience essential for disaster risk reduction. This study dynamically evaluates socioeconomic resilience in 28 regencies/municipalities affected by destructive earthquakes between 2016 and 2022. Resilience was quantified using the Adjusted Mazziotta–Pareto Index (AMPI) at three periods: pre-event (T0), during the event (T1), and post-event (T2). Index changes were interpreted as resistance (Δ1 = T1 − T0), recovery (Δ2 = T2 − T1), and adaptive capacity (Δ3 = T2 − T0). Results show substantial regional differences in resilience trajectories: some areas experienced only minor declines during the earthquake, while others were heavily affected but recovered quickly. Cluster analysis revealed distinct typologies, including consistently high-resilience regions, rapid-recovery regions, and persistently vulnerable regions. These disparities are associated with variation in economic capacity, social vulnerability, labor market conditions, and access to health services. Overall, the findings highlight the value of a multidimensional, time-sensitive approach to measuring socioeconomic resilience. The study advances an AMPI-based temporal measurement framework and offers policy insights for development planning and disaster mitigation.