Material Chemistry Insights Into Cross‐System Photovoltaic Technologies: A Unified Framework From Fundamental Mechanisms to Industrialization
Qinghan Xian, Bin Guan, Lei Zhu, Tiankui Zhu, Zhongqi Zhuang, Junyan Chen, Xuehan Hu, Chenyu Zhu, Sikai Zhao, Junjie Gao, Kaiyou Shu, Hongtao Dang, Luyang Zhang, Yuan Li, Luoxin Xu, Wenbo Zeng, Shuai Chen, Linhui Wang, Can Zhu, Jiaming He, Zhen HuangABSTRACT
Dual carbon goals are accelerating photovoltaic innovation, yet existing reviews largely focus on individual solar cell technologies without a unified materials chemistry framework. Here, we establish a cross‐system perspective linking chemical bonding, defect evolution, interfacial reactions, and carrier dynamics across crystalline silicon, thin‐film photovoltaics, perovskites, organic photovoltaics, and dye‐sensitized solar cells. Record efficiencies and coupled photo–thermal–electrical degradation pathways are summarized to identify fundamental loss mechanisms. Six universal materials chemistry strategies, including light management, defect passivation, interface engineering, band engineering, tandem architectures, and green encapsulation, are discussed to reveal common principles governing covalent semiconductors, ionic photovoltaic materials, and molecular systems. By integrating life‐cycle assessment and circular resource utilization, we propose multiobjective material design principles balancing efficiency, stability, cost, and environmental sustainability. This unified chemical framework provides theoretical guidance for advanced absorber development, interfacial regulation, and scalable green photovoltaic manufacturing.