Magnetohydrodynamic thermosolutal convection of a radiative ternary hybrid nanofluid in a wavy porous cavity under half-sinusoidal boundary conditions

Abstract

This study numerically investigates the effects of nonuniform multi-frequency heating and concentration gradients on thermosolutal convection and entropy generation of a radiative ternary hybrid nanofluid in a curved porous enclosure. Particular emphasis is placed on flow behavior, thermal transport, species distribution, and irreversibility characteristics. This geometry offers unique opportunities and challenges for improving thermal management and efficiency across various applications, including heat exchangers, solar-powered collectors, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, electronic cooling, chemical reactors, and processing units. Adopting a Higher-Order Compact (HOC) numerical scheme, to overcome these challenges, the governing Navier–Stokes equations, together with the temperature and species equations, are determined. The present study is motivated by the need to understand the coupled heat and mass transfer behavior of ternary hybrid nanofluids in magnetized porous cavities under non-uniform heating conditions. This study investigates the influence of key parameters, including the Lewis number, Darcy number, buoyancy ratio number, radiation parameter, Rayleigh number, heating frequency, amplitude, offset temperature of sinusoidal heating, and the solid volume fraction of the trihybrid nanofluid, on the flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, and entropy generation characteristics. The results highlight that a structure of multicellular flow within the chamber is generated by an increase in the sinusoidal frequency of the bottom surface temperature. A modification in f from 1 to 5, heat and mass transfer are diminished by 4.61 % and 51.80 % for Ra = 10 ⁴ , 48.25 % and 50.37 % for Ra = 10 ⁵ , and 52.78 % and 64.96 % for Ra = 10 ⁶ .