Macroscopic characteristics of the placenta in preeclampsia and physiological pregnancy

Objective: To conduct a comparative analysis of the macroscopic characteristics of the placenta in preeclampsia and in physiological pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using placental samples received by the pathology department of the National Medical Center of the Republic of Tajikistan in Dushanbe during 2025. Based on clinical data analysis from pregnancy records, 20 placentas were selected. These placentas were divided into two groups: the first group included 10 women with preeclampsia, and the second group consisted of 10 women with normal pregnancies. Results: The average age of women with preeclampsia during pregnancy was 1.5 times higher than that of women in the group with physiological pregnancy: 29.7±12.3 years versus 19.9±5.4 years. Women with preeclampsia were six times more likely to be obese, and delivery was operative and premature in half of the cases. Newborns of women with preeclampsia had lower birth weight (2700±160 g versus 3600±180 g) and lower Apgar scores (7-8 versus 9-10). The average placental weight in women with preeclampsia was lower (400.92±280.5 g vs. 497.8±120.6 g) compared to women with normal pregnancies. The fetoplacental index was higher in these women (7.0) than in healthy women (5.3). The umbilical cord most often attaches marginally, and a ridge or rim forms on the baby's placental surface. Conclusion: Preeclampsia is more common in older pregnant women and those with stage II or III obesity. Preterm labor with early surgical delivery is more often performed in cases of severe preeclampsia. This condition is characterized by decreased birth weight in newborns, as well as a decrease in the weight and size of the placenta.