Machine Learning-Based Detection and Quantification of Septoria Leaf Blotch in Winter Wheat from Hyperspectral and UAV Multispectral Data

Septoria leaf blotch (SLB), caused by Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the most destructive foliar diseases of wheat and requires accurate methods for early detection and disease severity assessment. This study evaluated the potential of hyperspectral ASD measurements and UAV multispectral imagery combined with machine learning for the detection and quantification of SLB in winter wheat. Six spectral datasets derived from hyperspectral reflectance, UAV multispectral imagery, and vegetation indices were analyzed using CatBoost, Random Forest, and XGBoost algorithms. Random Forest achieved the highest classification performance, reaching an accuracy of 0.9583 and a balanced accuracy of 0.9483. For disease severity prediction, the best performance was obtained using ASD-derived vegetation indices with Random Forest (R2 = 0.9199), while CatBoost consistently provided high regression accuracy across hyperspectral datasets. A reduced set of green, red, red-edge, and near-infrared bands produced classification results comparable to those obtained with the full hyperspectral spectrum, indicating that most diagnostic information is concentrated within these spectral regions. Although UAV multispectral data showed lower accuracy than hyperspectral measurements, particularly for disease severity prediction, they enabled effective field-scale disease monitoring. These findings demonstrate that hyperspectral sensing provides a valuable reference for developing accurate disease detection models, whereas UAV multispectral imagery represents a practical and scalable solution for operational precision agriculture.