Low-Frequency Noise Spectroscopy of Low-Dimensional Layered Materials

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials—graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and layered van der Waals (vdW) thiophosphates—constitute a rapidly expanding family whose properties are governed by weak van der Waals interlayer coupling and strong intralayer bonding. This review surveys the principal classes of 2D layered materials and systematically pairs each class with the low-frequency noise (LFN) spectroscopy studies performed on it mainly between 2013 and 2026. Unlike earlier material-specific reviews, it systematically compares the experimental device configurations, assigned microscopic mechanisms, and research gaps. The review also identifies specific research priorities.