Longitudinal Dynamics of Polyglutamine‐Expanded
ATXN3
in Biofluids of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3
Jordan Bartfield, Lukasz Milanowski, Karen R. Jansen‐West, Rana Hanna Al‐Shaikh, Tomasz Chmiela, Tania F. Gendron, Judith A. Dunmore, Sorina Gorcenco, Andreas Puschmann, João Lemos, Cristina Januário, Mark S. LeDoux, Joseph H. Friedman, Osamu Onodera, Ikuko Aiba, Ronald F. Pfeiffer, Henry L. Paulson, Hayley S. McLoughlin, Jaroslaw Dulski, Jaroslaw Slawek, Helio A.G. Teive, Alexandra E. Soto‐Piña, Ryan J. Uitti, Audrey Strongosky, Leonard Petrucelli, Mercedes Prudencio, Zbigniew K. Wszolek Abstract
Background
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), the most common autosomal dominant ataxia, is driven by the accumulation of polyglutamine‐expanded (polyQ) ATXN3 proteins. While promising as biomarkers, their longitudinal trajectories across multiple biofluids remain poorly defined.
Objectives
To quantify polyQ ATXN3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and urine within a comprehensive cohort, utilizing serial measurements to map protein dynamics.
Methods
We employed a validated immunoassay to quantify polyQ ATXN3 in 97 symptomatic and 13 presymptomatic SCA3 patients, correlating levels with clinical features, ancestry, disease status, and longitudinal progression.
Results
Asian participants exhibited lower plasma but elevated urinary polyQ ATXN3 levels relative to other ancestries. While CSF levels were higher in symptomatic patients at baseline, they showed a significant longitudinal decline.
Conclusions
PolyQ ATXN3 is a viable multi‐biofluid biomarker. Declining CSF levels likely reflect neurodegeneration, supporting its role in tracking progression and emphasizing the need for ancestry‐based adjustment in trials. © 2026 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.