Listening to men on probation: Physical health, access barriers, and improving inclusion health in justice-involved populations

Men in the criminal justice system experience significant health inequalities compared to the general population. Yet, research and policy attention have largely focused on the health needs of individuals in prison, overlooking those under community supervision. This study addresses this gap by exploring the physical health needs of men on probation and identifying ways to improve healthcare provision from their perspective. Using a mixed-methods approach, we surveyed and interviewed 33 men on probation in South Wales, UK, to explore their self-reported physical health conditions, barriers to accessing services, and ways in which provision could be improved. From a desistance and an inclusion health perspective, the voices of men on probation are key in shaping healthcare interventions. This study contributes to both academic and practice knowledge by providing empirical insights to inform “user-led” service design, offering recommendations for policymakers and practitioners seeking to reduce health inequalities, support desistance, and improve access to primary healthcare for justice-involved populations.