Limitations and recommendations

Summary

This protocol provides a first globally coordinated, practical framework for real-time nitrous oxide (N2O) monitoring. This chapter critically reflects on methodological constraints across gas-phase, and liquid-phase approaches in this protocol. Key limitations include uncertainty arising from spatial and temporal variability, reliance on supporting data, site-specific applicability, and practical constraints such as cost, expertise, and infrastructure. This chapter also emphasizes that monitoring strategies must be purpose-driven and context-specific, particularly for mitigation validation. Finally, it highlights ongoing methodological innovation, the need for broader plant coverage and global representation, and positions the protocol as a living document supporting continuous improvement toward net-zero wastewater management.