Latent Profile Analysis of Psychosocial Adjustment and Subjective Noise Annoyance in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

Objective: To identify latent profiles of psychosocial adjustment and subjective noise annoyance in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to analyze disease-related factors. Methods: This cross-sectional survey included 198 patients with DR. Participants completed the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale-Self Report (PAIS-SR), a subjective noise annoyance rating, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS). Latent profile analysis was performed using the PAIS-SR domain scores and subjective noise annoyance scores as indicators. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify demographic and disease-related factors associated with profile membership. Results: Three profiles were identified: a well-adjusted profile (35.4%), an intermediate-adjustment profile (41.9%), and a high-annoyance/poor-adjustment profile (22.7%), with an entropy of 0.922. Patients in the high-annoyance/poor-adjustment profile had poorer sleep quality, higher anxiety levels, and lower social support than those in the other profiles, with significant differences in PSQI, SAS, and SSRS scores across the three profiles (all P < 0.001). Multinomial logistic regression showed that longer diabetes duration, proliferative DR, and poorer worse-eye best-corrected visual acuity were associated with membership in the less favorable profiles. For the high-annoyance/poor-adjustment profile, the corresponding odds ratios (ORs) were 1.138, 3.599, and 1.259, respectively. Diabetic macular edema showed a borderline association with this profile (OR = 2.455, P  = 0.050). Conclusion: Psychosocial adjustment and noise annoyance patterns are heterogeneous among patients with DR. Identifying patients with a high-annoyance/poor-adjustment profile may support noise management and stratified nursing care.