Landscape Model of Waerebo Village: Topographic Adaptation & Indigenous Spatial Patterns (Horizontal–Vertical) Based on Local Culture

Waerebo Village, a UNESCO-recognized cultural site in Indonesia, reflects a close relationship between the Manggarai people, their environment, and spiritual values. However, the socio-ecological implications of its traditional spatial organization remain insufficiently explored. This study examines the Waerebo landscape model by integrating horizontal and vertical spatial patterns through field observations, in-depth interviews, and GIS-based analyses, including Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and multi-temporal NDVI assessment from 2015 to 2025. The analysis identifies a tripartite concentric landscape structure comprising the core zone, utilization zone, and sacred zone, which corresponds with the community’s customary socio-spatial organization. Geospatial analysis shows that the residential core occupies relatively stable terrain with slopes of 15–25%, whereas sacred forests remain concentrated on slopes exceeding 45%. Multi-temporal NDVI analysis indicates a gradual increase in vegetation indicators, with Mean NDVI increasing from 0.360 to 0.429 and Maximum NDVI from 0.475 to 0.522. These patterns are consistent with the continued implementation of customary regulations that guide land-use practices and forest conservation. The findings illustrate how the circular landscape model integrates settlement, production, and conservation functions within a mountainous cultural landscape.