Land use systems transformation: a comparative analysis of the China and Russia experience in the XX-XXI centuries

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the transformation of land use systems in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Russian Federation (RF) in the XX-XXI centuries. The purpose of the work is to identify key factors of the effectiveness of land policy and develop recommendations for Russia. The study is based on comparative historical and institutional approaches, as well as a comparative legal analysis of the modern land management system in both countries. It has been established that the evolution of land relations in China has gone through several stages. The radical reform of 1950 was singled out as the first stage. Its main result was the acquisition of land plots by more than 300 million peasants. The next stage is the general collectivization of land and other resources, while preserving cooperative ownership. The modern land management system in China combines government regulation and market mechanisms. The article details the key tools of China's modern land policy: the «three red lines» system and the «three rights» system. The first legally established an inviolable fund of arable land of 120 million hectares. The second divides the powers of ownership, use and economic management. In the article, the experience of the transition of the Russian Federation to private land ownership is reflected through the strategic planning system. A detailed analysis of the latter revealed inconsistencies in documents and insufficient effectiveness of land control. As the main conclusions, it was noted that China's experience in the field of centralized spatial planning is of practical interest to Russia. The adaptation of Chinese approaches can improve the efficiency of land management in the Russian Federation. Mechanisms for strict control of the targeted use of land and balanced legal regimes are of particular value.