Land Use Optimization for Rural Resilience: A Study Based on Land Resource Value Realization and Labor Output Elasticity in Rural Tourism in China

Labor and land resources are two key factors of production. The extent of their internalization significantly influences rural resilience. This study evaluates the resilience of different rural business formats by measuring the degree of land resource internalization and the output elasticity of labor. Based on survey data from 47 counties in China, this study analyzes eight types of rural formats using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and bootstrapping methods. The results show that business formats such as Gourmet Catering, Rural Homestay and Camping, Specialty Local Product Sales, and Health and Wellness Tourism have established stable labor input relationships and exhibit characteristics of economic self-sufficiency. In contrast, other formats have only partially established such relationships and demonstrate a lower level of internalization of resource externalities. The finding from this study indicates that enhancing the internalization of land resources and optimizing labor allocation are crucial for strengthening rural resilience.