Toxoplasma gondii in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Infection Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Humans and Animals
Ambachew Motbaynor Wubaye, Birhanu Feleke Shitu, Amare Mebrat Delie, Aysheshim Belaineh Haimanot, Yezbie Wagaw Ayicheh, Adugna Mengesha Mulugeta, Anley Shiferaw Enawgaw, Yihenew Getahun Ambaw, Mequanent Dessie Bitewa, Smegnew Gichew Wondie, Tadele Derbew Kassie, Zinie Abita Mengie, Simegnew Adugna Kallu, Berhanu Ayana Tafere, Tesfaye Shumet Mekonnen, Mikias Getahun Molla, Daniel Mulat Eshetu, Thomas Kidanemariam YewodiawABSTRACT
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with significant animal and public health implications. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to estimate the pooled prevalence of toxoplasmosis in ruminants and humans in Ethiopia and to determine the major risk factors associated with the disease. Five databases were used to search for all articles published between 2012 and 2025. The pooled prevalence of toxoplasmosis was calculated using a random‐effects model. I 2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity among the included studies. Publication bias was assessed through a meta‐analysis Egger regression asymmetry test. The overall pooled prevalence of T. gondii was 42.0% (95% CI: 35.0%–49.0%) in ruminants and 61.0% (95% CI: 49.0%–74.0%) in humans. Female animals have higher odds of acquiring T. gondii (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.56–2.00) than males. Similarly, adult animals were more likely to be exposed to the disease (OR = 2.39; 95% CI: 2.10–2.74) than young age groups. In humans, rural residence (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.07–1.42) and cat ownership (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.79–2.32) were significantly associated with T. gondii seropositivity. These results highlight the necessity of targeted monitoring and preventative measures to reduce T. gondii exposure in both animal and human populations in Ethiopia.