Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in traditional Chinese medicine: A powerful tool for quality control, authentication, and geographic origin tracing

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a highly sensitive analytical technique that has been widely applied in recent years for quality control, authenticity identification, and geographic origin tracing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The quality and geographic origin of TCM, as important determinants of traditional medicine, directly influence its clinical efficacy. However, existing identification methods still exhibit certain limitations. This article systematically reviews recent advances in the application of IRMS for geographic origin tracing, authenticity discrimination, and quality control of TCM materials. It discusses methodologies for establishing stable isotope ratios and elemental fingerprint profiles, screening key discriminatory markers, and exploring the potential of IRMS within modern TCM quality control systems. Furthermore, this article outlines the technical challenges and future directions of IRMS in TCM research, emphasizing its positive role in promoting the scientific and standardized development of TCM. This review aims to provide theoretical support and technical references for researchers in the field of TCM and related disciplines.