Ion of Samos and His Inscribed Epigrams in Delphi: A ‘New’ Simonides?

Abstract

This paper re-evaluates the dating and significance of Ion of Samos’ inscribed epigrams on the Spartan monument at Delphi ( CEG 819.i–iii), traditionally thought to be a later addition from the second half of the fourth century BCE. A reassessment of the epigraphic, historical and literary evidence suggests that the epigrams were more likely composed in the late fifth or early fourth century BCE. The analysis also explores Ion’s unusual decision to sign his epigrams, positioning his work within the broader tradition of ‘historical’ epigrams, particularly those attributed to Simonides. By drawing on language and themes from Persian War commemorations, Ion’s verses celebrate Sparta’s Panhellenic dominance following Aegospotami while challenging Athens’ earlier poetic and monumental narratives. His signature, whether a personal statement or a commission-driven choice, marks an early moment in the transition of Greek epigram from an anonymous, inscribed genre to a literary form with attributed authorship.