Investigation of the Effects of Kahweol, Flurbiprofen and Co-Administration of Kahweol and Flurbiprofen on Vas Deferens, Testis and Sperm Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Induced by Testicular Torsion and Detorsion in Rats

Unilateral testicular torsion causes ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, potentially impairing testicular structure and reproductive function. This study investigated the effects of kahweol, flurbiprofen, and their combination on testicular injury and vas deferens contractility following torsion/detorsion in rats. Eighty male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups: sham, torsion/detorsion, kahweol, flurbiprofen, and combination. Following 2 h of unilateral testicular torsion, treatments were administered immediately after detorsion and continued for six days. Histopathological, biochemical, spermatological, and isolated organ bath analyses were performed on day 7. Torsion/detorsion caused severe ipsilateral histopathological damage, increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity, and impaired vas deferens contractility. All treatments reduced caspase-3 immunoreactivity but failed to significantly improve histopathological damage. Changes in inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers were variable, without consistent evidence of antioxidant protection. Flurbiprofen and combination treatment partially improved noradrenaline-induced contractions, while combined treatment enhanced electrical field stimulation-induced responses in the prostatic vas deferens. Spermatological findings were limited by sample availability and variability. These findings suggest that flurbiprofen, alone or combined with kahweol, may partially improve selected functional outcomes following testicular I/R injury, although substantial structural damage persists.