Investigating spin and orbital effects via spin–torque ferromagnetic resonance

In this work, we experimentally investigate spin and orbital torque phenomena using the spin–torque ferromagnetic resonance technique in a series of bilayer systems composed of different normal metal materials. Permalloy and Ni were employed as ferromagnetic layers to probe the spin and orbital torque responses. For the SiO2/FM/NM bilayers, we extracted the damping-like and field-like torque components, as well as the damping-like torque efficiency for each sample, and compared our results with previously reported numerical and experimental data in the literature. Additionally, we experimentally demonstrate the presence of an out-of-plane torque component, which we attribute to interfacial mechanisms and associate with a spin–orbital polarized current along the z-direction. This interpretation is supported by the azimuthal angular dependence of the applied magnetic field. Our results provide compelling evidence of orbital torque associated with the orbital Hall effect in several materials, thereby broadening the prospects for magnetization switching driven by orbital torque.