Interface Engineering for Next Generation Low‐Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Materials

ABSTRACT

Developing excellent absorbers for low‐frequency (0.1‐8.0 GHz) electromagnetic waves (EMW) remains challenging due to the inherent trade‐off between impedance matching and absorption loss under long wavelengths conditions. Conventional materials face fundamental constraint imposed by Snoek's limit and quarter‐wavelength (λ/4) model, strongly suggesting a paradigm shift from intrinsic properties optimization to advanced interface engineering. However, current research lacks a cohesive, multi‐scale framework to guide this transition, leaving material synthesis heavily dependent on empirical trial‐and‐error rather than predictable design. Therefore, this review systematically maps physical mechanisms onto a dimensional hierarchy: (1) reviewing fundamental principles of interfacial engineering, including interfacial dielectric polarization, magnetic coupling, and wave‐impedance engineering; (2) analyzing state‐of‐the‐art approaches across atomic‐, particle‐, macro‐, and multi‐scale interface engineering to demonstrate how microscopic dissipation and macroscopic impedance are integrated for optimal performance. Potential applications for next‐generation low‐requency EMW absorption are discussed, and specific research directions are proposed to address current key challenges. Artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven interface design with advanced operando diagnostics is highlighted as a practical approach for innovating next generation electromagnetic functional materials and devices, which are essential for electromagnetic shielding, military stealth, and 5G/6G communication.