Integrative in vitro, in vivo, and in silico investigation with mineral profiling of Combretum indicum: A multi-target therapeutic candidate exhibiting antioxidant, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, analgesic, cytotoxic, and anthelmint

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the pharmacological and computational potential of the methanolic extract of Combretum indicum . Mineral profiling by ICP–AES confirmed the presence of essential elements, including K (5.92 ppm), Mg (4.94 ppm), Fe (1.92 ppm), and Zn (1.13 ppm), with no detectable toxic heavy metals. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with 95.48% inhibition of H ₂ O ₂ and an IC ₅₀ of 0.82 µg/mL. Significant thrombolytic activity was observed, achieving 82.71% clot lysis, exceeding streptokinase. Anti-inflammatory activity showed 95.27% inhibition in vitro and 65% edema reduction in vivo. Anti-arthritic activity reached 85.6% inhibition in vitro and 87.50% in vivo, surpassing indomethacin. Analgesic activity demonstrated up to 70.15% inhibition of writhing. Cytotoxicity (LC ₅₀  = 30.19 µg/mL) and strong anthelmintic effects further supported bioactivity. Molecular docking revealed high binding affinities (up to −10.6 kcal/mol), while ADME and drug-likeness analyses indicated favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. DFT analysis confirmed chemical stability and reactivity. Overall, C. indicum demonstrated promising multi-target therapeutic potential, warranting further investigation for drug development.