Integrating Phytochemistry, In Vivo Activity, and Molecular Docking to Explore the Therapeutic Potential of Sonneratia apetala Pneumatophores

ABSTRACT

Sonneratia apetala Buch.‐Ham. is a traditionally utilized mangrove plant for managing pain and gastrointestinal disorders. This study investigated the physicochemical properties, safety profile, and pharmacological potential of S. apetala ethyl acetate pneumatophores extract (EASA) in Swiss albino mice, supported by GC–MS characterization and molecular docking. Proximate analysis demonstrated high fiber content (55.24%) and moderate energy (145 kcal/100 g), with heavy metals within safe WHO limits. EASA demonstrated safety up to 400 mg/kg without hepatorenal toxicity. In vivo bioassays revealed significant, dose‐dependent analgesic activity (44.32%–59.09% writhing inhibition) and antidiarrheal efficacy (73.47%–83.67% defecation reduction), comparable to reference drugs. However, EASA exhibited no hypoglycemic effect in the oral glucose tolerance test. GC–MS identified seven distinct phyto‐constituents, including diethyl 1‐(carbethoxy)ethylphosphonate. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities (−8.5 to −10.1 kcal/mol) for major compounds against COX‐2 (6COX), μ‐opioid (4RWD), and PPAR‐γ (2FZD) receptors, surpassing standard controls. Compound EA‐1 demonstrated multi‐target interactions, while EA‐2 exhibited selective μ‐opioid binding via key ASP147 hydrogen bonding. Overall, these findings scientifically validate the traditional usage of S. apetala for pain and diarrhea while highlighting its safety. Future studies should focus on active compound isolation, bioavailability, and mechanistic elucidation for therapeutic application.