Integrating Eal And Scp In Private-Sector Anti-Bribery

This article proposes the P–F–O–G framework for preventing private-sector bribery by integrating Economic Analysis of Law (EAL) and Situational Crime Prevention (SCP). The framework aligns the deterrence calculus (p × f), measured on the same time horizon as sanction severity, with process redesign that narrows opportunity (O) and reduces illicit gain (G). Using an integrative narrative review (1990–2025; Scopus, Google Scholar, SSRN) and thematic synthesis, we identify a cost-effective implementation sequence: raise internal detection/enforcement probability (protected whistleblowing, credible investigations, audit trails), close opportunities through process controls (segregation of duties, empat mata (four-eyes) approval, e-procurement/e-invoicing with three-way match), then calibrate sanctions proportionally (full disgorgement, proportional/turnoverbased fines, due-process debarment). Numerical simulations show that moderate increases in p and reductions in O can flip the offending calculus without imposing extreme sanctions, thereby lowering total social costs. The discussion develops policy implications, sets measurement guardrails to avoid Goodhart’s law, and establishes governance to calibrate p × f and prioritise implementation in Indonesia. In Indonesia, digitalisation of procurement and strengthened reporting channels provide the foundation for implementing P–F–O–G; key challenges include data integration, investigative independence, and consistent follow-up. The paper contributes theoretically by unifying EAL and SCP into a testable calculus and, practically, by guiding resource allocation toward the highest-benefit-cost interventions.