Integrated Systems for Self-Powered Sensing and Closed-Loop Therapy

Abstract

The convergence of artificial intelligence and biomedicine is creating opportunities for smart sensing systems in precision medicine. Conventional sensors, however, remain dependent on external power sources. Short battery life, difficult replacement, and potential biological risks limit their use in implantable, wearable, and long-term monitoring applications. Self-powered smart sensing systems offer a promising alternative. These devices harvest ambient energy from mechanical, thermal, chemical, or biological sources and convert it directly into electricity. The result is an integrated sense-and-power unit. This paradigm provides a direction for next-generation medical devices. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the field by focusing on two key healthcare applications. The first is the ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis. The second is the construction of intelligent closed-loop wound management systems that combine real-time monitoring with precise treatment. We discussed the working mechanisms, core materials, and system architectures of these devices. We also identify current challenges and outline future research directions. We intend this review for a broad interdisciplinary audience, including researchers in materials science, electronic engineering, biomedical engineering, and clinical medicine who are working on self-powered sensing systems for healthcare.