Influence of Technical Parameters of Carbonization on the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Materials Obtained by Carbonization of Sunflower Husks from the East Kazakhstan Region

In 2025, the oil and fat industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan showed steady growth, strengthening the country’s position as a major producer and exporter of vegetable oils. However, the production process generates large amounts of waste (up to 100 tons per day), and its recycling is an important part of the oil and fat industry’s economy. High-temperature processing of plant waste has proven to be a promising method for creating new materials for various industries. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of various technical parameters of carbonization (processing temperature and process environment) on the physical and chemical characteristics of materials obtained by carbonizing sunflower seed husks from the East Kazakhstan region at temperatures of 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 °C in an inert argon environment, as well as by processing the husks in an oxidizing environment at a temperature of 650 °C, for further use in elastomer compositions as new ingredients. Increasing the carbonization temperature in an inert environment led to an increase in the amorphous carbon content, surface porosity, and pH of the studied materials. Another parameter that showed a tendency to increase with increasing temperature in an inert environment was the BET specific surface area. In the case of using an oxidizing environment, the highest pH value was observed, and the formation of crystalline mineral phases was also observed. The differences in the phase states of the studied materials may play an important role in shaping the spatial stack of the polymer matrix when used in rubber compound formulations.