Incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling of tuned liquid dampers for structural vibration control

This study extends previous experimental investigations of TLD-equipped frame structures by integrating Incompressible Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPHs) simulations with calibrated analog models, thereby bridging numerical, analytical, and experimental approaches. TLDs dissipate vibrational energy through sloshing, and the ISPH formulation is enhanced with kernel gradient correction and particle shifting techniques to improve stability and free-surface accuracy. Results of the dam-break benchmark test confirm consistency with established experimental and numerical findings. The ISPH model was further validated against a 3-story frame and its modified analog counterpart. When the tank liquid height is tuned near the resonance frequency of the frame, structural vibrations are significantly reduced, demonstrating the strong energy absorption capacity of sloshing. Damping arises not only from lateral wall pressures but also from base friction and free-surface wave dynamics. In particular, accurate modeling of resonance-induced surface waves is critical for reliable numerical representation of TLD performance.