Hypertension and Risks of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: Early Intervention and Prevention Strategies

Abstract

Hypertension is increasingly recognized as a significant risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia, posing a major challenge to global brain health. This narrative review summarizes current epidemiological evidence linking elevated blood pressure (BP) to accelerated cognitive decline, explores the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and discusses implications for screening, treatment, and public health interventions. By examining the impact of chronic vascular strain on neural integrity, the review evaluates how clinical management can be optimized to protect cognitive function. A focus is placed on the role of antihypertensive medications, age-specific considerations, and the importance of early intervention in mitigating the cognitive burden associated with hypertension. Ultimately, this synthesis underscores the necessity of proactive BP management as a primary strategy for reducing the long-term risk of neurodegenerative disease.