Hydro-mineral resources of the Alakol Basin as a driver of health and wellness tourism development: A geoecological perspective

This paper provides a comprehensive geoecological evaluation of the hydro-mineral resources of the Alakol Basin, interpreted within the framework of sustainable health and wellness tourism development. The lacustrine system, situated in the arid zone of south-eastern Kazakhstan, represents a closed hydrological basin distinguished by comparatively high mineralization, the occurrence of peloid deposits, and marked spatial variability of its hydrochemical regime. The principal objective of the study is to determine the chemical, microbiological, and radiological characteristics of surface waters and bottom sediments within the Alakol Basin, and to assess the implications of recreational pressure for the geoecological stability of the adjacent coastal landscapes. Field surveys undertaken in 2024-2025 involved the collection of 140 samples of water and sediments. Laboratory investigations included macro- and microelement analysis using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, alongside microbiological and radiological testing conducted in accordance with national sanitary regulations. Statistical data on visitor numbers were further employed to estimate recreational load intensity. The findings reveal moderate to elevated mineralization and the presence of biologically significant elements (Mg, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Ba, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni), while concentrations of potentially hazardous metals remain below permissible thresholds. Radiological and microbiological indicators confirm sanitary suitability for recreational use. Nevertheless, excessive visitor pressure contributes to localized ecosystem degradation, underscoring the necessity of environmentally regulated tourism management within the basin.