Hybrid spatial organization and evidence for magnitude-independent neural coding of linguistic information during sentence production

Humans are the only species with the ability to systematically combine words to convey an unbounded number of complex meanings. This process is guided by combinatorial processes whose underlying neural mechanisms remain obscured by inherent limitations of noninvasive brain measures and a near-total focus on comprehension paradigms. Here, we address these limitations with high-resolution neurosurgical recordings (electrocorticography) and a controlled sentence production experiment. We uncover distinct cortical networks encoding word-level and higher-order information. These networks exhibited a hybrid spatial organization: broadly distributed across traditional language areas but with focal concentrations of sensitivity to semantic and structural contrasts in canonical language regions. In contrast to previous comprehension-based findings, we find that these networks are largely nonoverlapping. Most notably, higher-order linguistic information showed an unexpected dissociation from local activity magnitude. This result establishes an operational dissociation between activity magnitude and information content, pointing toward a potentially distinct neural coding scheme for higher-order language, with important implications for the neurobiology of language.