Hybrid Nanofluid Compassed in a Rectangular Conduit

Nanofluids are rapidly being used in modern thermal duct systems to improve thermal effectiveness in a variety of sectors, such as petrochemical manufacturing and mechanical engineering. Inspired by these advancements, the present work investigates the transport by convection hybrid nanofluid (HNF) through a stiff rectangular duct controlled by buoyancy. The duct’s other walls are heated isothermally, while the upper and lower borders are insulated. Included are the effects of viscous heating. Internal code is used to solve the governing equations. For particular circumstances, benchmarking with prior research is used to verify the accuracy of the FDM code. Additionally, a mesh independence test is carried out. The effects of Grashof number (0.01 ≤ Gr ≤ 50), Brinkman number (0.0 ≤ Br ≤ 2.0), nanoparticle (NP) solid volume fraction (0.001 ≤ φ ≤ 0.02), and aspect ratio (0.5 ≤ A ≤ 2.0) are given on the physical properties for both unitary nanofluid (NF) and HNF. The results show that the velocity increases with increasing Gr and Br, while an increase in φ has the reverse effect. As the Gr and Br, φ , and A increase, the heat transfer rate for both unitary NF and HNF escalates at the left and declines at the right wall.