Human–AI (H-AI) collaboration as a missing dimension of healthcare AI literacy: An extended concept and analysiss framework

Human-in-the-loop (HITL) principles during Human-AI (H-AI) interactions are increasingly important for promoting adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI)/ Super Intelligence (SI) in healthcare. However, despite growing advocacy for Human-in-the-Loop in AI systems used in social and healthcare, the roles and competencies that highlight the position of healthcare professionals during human-AI interactions remain insufficiently articulated. This article addresses these shortcomings by proposing an extended framework of three interrelated dimensions: technical, ethical and collaborative dimensions. The technical dimension comprises algorithmic awareness, appropriate use of AI systems and evaluation of their outputs. The ethical dimension broadly entails recognition of bias recognition, consideration of safety, privacy and accountability. The integration of a new dimension, “the collaborative dimension”, is suggested, this foregrounds clinical human-in-the-loop in human-centered AI/SI systems. Thus, deepening our understanding of H-AI/ H-SI—a previously unrecognized yet indispensable aspect relevant for keeping the human-in-the-loop in AI systems. By making the collaborative dimension explicit, the framework extends the discussion of AI literacy beyond technical and ethical dimensions to address how care professionals participate in and shape H-AI interactions. A conceptual basis for examining the competencies needed to translate human-in-the-loop principles into practice is offered. This may inform educational approaches and future development of AI literacy programs and assessment tools.