Histopathological spectrum of gastrointestinal lesions: an analysis from a tertiary care center
Rabia Parveen Siddiqui, Ruchi Varma, Manish Mandavi, Sonal ChandrakarAbstract
Background:
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT), extending from the esophagus to the anus, is affected by a wide range of pathological conditions, including congenital, inflammatory, preneoplastic, and neoplastic lesions. Gastrointestinal tumors, both benign and malignant, contribute significantly to global morbidity and mortality. Histopathological examination remains the gold standard for diagnosis, providing crucial prognostic information and facilitating timely, appropriate management.
Aims and Objectives:
To evaluate the spectrum of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the GIT and to analyze their demographic distribution with respect to age, sex, and anatomical site.
Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology over 2 years, from March 2023 to March 2025. All gastrointestinal biopsy and resection specimens received during the study period were included and analyzed histopathologically.
Results:
A total of 250 cases of GIT lesions were studied. The highest incidence (48.6%) was observed among patients in the fourth to sixth decades of life. The colorectal region was the most frequently involved site (21.2%), followed by the stomach (20%), appendix (18.8%), anal canal (16%), and esophagus (10%). Of the total cases, 135 (54%) were non-neoplastic, while 115 (46%) were neoplastic. Tubercular lesions accounted for a significant proportion (17.8%) of the non-neoplastic group. Among the neoplastic lesions, several precursor lesions were identified, including Barrett’s esophagus, intestinal metaplasia, and tubular adenoma with dysplasia.
Conclusion:
Non-neoplastic lesions were more common than neoplastic lesions; however, the burden of neoplastic disease remains substantial. The relatively high frequency of tubercular lesions among non-neoplastic cases may indicate a persistent underlying disease burden. The identification of precursor lesions highlights the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention. Gastrointestinal malignancies continue to represent a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Histopathological evaluation plays a critical role in early detection, accurate diagnosis, and effective management, thereby helping to reduce disease-related complications. This study emphasizes the spectrum and distribution of GIT lesions and contributes to improved diagnostic awareness among clinicians and pathologists.