DOI: 10.1161/jaha.125.046218 ISSN: 2047-9980

Hemorrhagic Transformation Mediates Stress Hyperglycemia Effect on Functional Outcome in Minor Ischemic Stroke

Francesco Bax, Mariarosaria Valente, Federico Mazzacane, Matteo Foschi, Raffaele Ornello, Alessandro Marè, Francesco Toraldo, Caterina Del Regno, Roberto Sperotto, Antonio Taglialatela, Beatrice Del Bello, Laura Spigariol, Lucia Pavolucci, Yan Tereshko, Carolina Gentile, Francesco Janes, Simone Lorenzut, Roberto Marinig, Simona Sacco, Anna Cavallini, Gian Luigi Gigli, Giovanni Merlino, Lucio D’Anna
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Background

Stress hyperglycemia (SHG) is associated with worse clinical outcomes in minor ischemic stroke. Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) represents a potential mechanism mediating this association, but clear characterization of this relationship is lacking. We therefore aimed to investigate whether HT mediates the effect of SHG on functional outcomes in patients with minor stroke.

Methods

This was a prospective international cohort study (5 comprehensive stroke centers, Italy/United Kingdom). Individuals presenting with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ≤5, prestroke modified Rankin Scale ≤1, and without large vessel occlusion between January 2022 and December 2023 were included. SHG was assessed ≤24 hours using the glucose‐to‐glycated hemoglobin ratio. HT ≤7 days was classified in hemorrhagic infarction and parenchymal hematoma. Causal mediation was used to estimate SHG effect on modified Rankin Scale ≥2 at 3 months mediated by HT. Effect modification of age, diabetes, C‐reactive protein, and intravenous thrombolysis was explored.

Results

There were 1316 patients included (mean age 69.6±12.7 years, 837 men [63.6%]). Higher glucose‐to‐glycated hemoglobin ratio quartiles were associated with modified Rankin Scale ≥2 (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.72 [95% CI, 1.24–2.40]; P =0.001) and HT severity (adjusted OR, 2.32 [95% CI, 1.43–3.76]; P =0.001). A significant proportion (14.8%) of the SHG effect on mRS was mediated by HT (average causal mediation effect, 0.014 [95% CI, 0.003–0.030]; P =0.006). Effect modification was found for younger age (≈60 years old), higher C‐reactive protein (≈7 mg/L), and absence of diabetes, but not for intravenous thrombolysis use.

Conclusions

In patients with minor stroke, HT significantly mediated the effect of SHG on unfavorable outcome. The mediating effect of HT was greater in patients either ≈60 years old, without diabetes, or with high baseline C‐reactive protein levels. These initial results might inform patient selection for future interventional studies.

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