DOI: 10.1039/d6ra08000f ISSN: 2046-2069

Heavy metal contamination in groundwater: sources and sustainable remediation approaches: a review

Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz, Raz Noori Nawzad, Hemn Star

This review critically evaluates sustainable technologies for heavy metal remediation in groundwater, comparing efficiency, environmental impacts, and practical applicability while identifying research gaps and future directions for green, scalable solutions.

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