Heart failure and cardiac dysphagia. A literature review
I Milaniak, G W Wasilewski, K W Wierzbicki, L D Drabik, I G K Gorkiewicz-Kot, W P PlazakAbstract
Background
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by impaired cardiac function and systemic congestion. Emerging evidence suggests a significant association between HF and dysphagia, a disorder of swallowing that increases risk for malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, and mortality.
Objective
This literature review aims to synthesize current evidence on the prevalence, mechanisms, clinical implications, and management of dysphagia in patients with heart failure.
Methods
A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies addressing epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies for dysphagia in HF populations were included. The review adheres to the Joanna Briggs Scoping Review Methodology.
Results
Dysphagia occurs more frequently in HF patients compared to the general population, with prevalence estimates varying by assessment method from 9.4 % to 55.1%. Potential mechanisms include skeletal and smooth muscle dysfunction, reduced perfusion to swallowing musculature, neurohormonal alterations, and comorbid conditions such as stroke and sarcopenia. Clinical consequences of dysphagia in HF include malnutrition status, increased hospitalizations, and elevated risk of aspiration and respiratory complications, as well as mortality. Early identification through standardized screening and multidisciplinary management — incorporating dietary modifications, rehabilitative swallowing therapy, and optimization of HF treatment — may mitigate adverse outcomes.