Gut–testis axis: how microbiota influence male reproductive health

Abstract

The intestinal flora forms a complex ecosystem that interacts with the host, influencing health and fitness through mechanisms that connect with distant organs like the brain, liver, muscles, and testes. The gut microbiota plays a vital role in regulating androgen production and metabolism, and can cross the blood–testis barrier to influence spermatogenesis. This review highlights the significance of the gut–testis axis in male reproductive and sexual health, based on extensive studies exploring how gut microbes impact testicular function. Gaining this understanding deepens our knowledge of the gut–testis axis and its role in male reproductive health.