Gut microbiota metabolites, nutrition and Ayurvedic interventions modulating neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: A narrative review

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition involving cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation. Recent research indicates a pivotal role of gut microbiota metabolites in regulating neuroinflammatory mechanisms leading to AD development. At the same time, modern nutrition and Ayurvedic therapies (Ayurveda) portend complementary methods in reducing neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. This narrative review provides an equilibrious synopsis of existing evidence regarding the impact of gut microbiota metabolites, dietary approaches and Ayurvedic herbal therapies in regulating neuroinflammation in AD, with a specific emphasis on integrating modern nutrition and traditional medicines. A meticulous survey of contemporary experimental research and clinical investigations was carried out with emphasis on the gut-brain axis metabolites, antioxidant-rich diets, fatty acids (omega-3) and essential micronutrients in conjunction with Ayurvedic herbal therapies like Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). The review critically evaluates their neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and cognitive-enhancing properties. Gut microbiota metabolites like short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan derivatives modulate the activation of microglia, integrity of the blood–brain barrier and affect neuroinflammation in AD. Nutritional therapies that incorporate antioxidant-rich diets, fatty acids and micronutrients can help decrease redox stress and inflammatory biomarkers, while also enhancing cognitive function. Colloidal mineral and herb extracts/Ayurvedic Rasayanas (rejuvenative herbal preparations) contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as supported by contemporary biomedical research. The union of modern nutrition science and Ayurvedic principles holds promise for synergistic benefits in inhibiting AD pathology. Treatment of neuroinflammation with gut microbial metabolites, modern nutrition and Ayurvedic therapies holds promise as a multifaceted and encouraging approach to AD management. Systematic clinical research must be conducted to develop and utilise individualised treatments that integrate ancient and contemporary medical principles.