Green Synthetic Strategies for Indole Derivatives: A Sustainable Approach

Abstract:

Indole, a prominent bicyclic heteroaromatic scaffold, has attracted significant attention due to its wide-ranging biological, pharmaceutical, and industrial relevance. This review summarizes key advancements made between 2014 and 2025 in the green synthesis of indole derivatives, emphasizing the growing importance of sustainable strategies in modern organic chemistry. The review critically discusses various environmentally benign approaches, including solvent-free reactions, biobased and recyclable catalysts, microwave-assisted synthesis, and green solvents. These methodologies not only enhance reaction efficiency but also reduce environmental impact, thereby aligning synthetic practices with the principles of green chemistry. The review systematically evaluates the advantages, limitations, and scalability of these green approaches, providing a comparative understanding of their applicability in both laboratory and industrial settings. Furthermore, it highlights the significant role of indole derivatives in contemporary drug discovery, agrochemical development, and industrial applications, including their presence in several FDA-approved therapeutics. Special attention is given to the integration of sustainable methodologies in the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds, demonstrating their potential to revolutionize medicinal chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date perspective on green synthetic strategies for indole derivatives. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals aiming to design efficient, eco-friendly synthetic routes while addressing global sustainability challenges in chemical sciences.