Green Synthesis, In Silico Molecular Docking, and Evaluation of Pyrazole Derivatives for Their Antifungal and Antinemic Activity
Rakesh Kumar, Kailashpati Tripathi, Parshant Kaushik, Vijay Kumar, Rajni Godara, Partha Chandra Mondal, Sameer Ranjan Misra, Pankaj, Virendra Singh Rana, V. Shanmugam, Dilip Khatri, Najam Akhtar ShakilABSTRACT
A series of 25 pyrazole derivatives was synthesized via ultrasonication‐assisted cyclization of chalcones with phenylhydrazine and characterized using 1 H NMR, 1 3 C NMR, and LC‐HRMS. Biological evaluation revealed that P‐25 [5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1 H ‐pyrazole] exhibited the highest antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani (ED 50 = 5.56 µg mL − 1 ), approaching the efficacy of positive control hexaconazole 5% SC (ED 50 = 3.67 µg mL − 1 ). While P‐6 [5‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1 H ‐pyrazole] was most effective against Fusarium oxysporum (ED 50 = 301.5 µg mL − 1 ). In nematicidal assays, P‐21 [3‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐5‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1 H ‐pyrazole] showed the greatest activity against Meloidogyne incognita (LC 50 = 31.25 µg mL − 1 , 24 h) although less potent than fluopyram 34.48% SC (Velum Prime) (LC 50 = 3.46 µg mL − 1 ). Molecular docking studies targeting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) supported the experimental results, with P‐6 , P‐25 , and P‐21 exhibiting the strongest binding affinities against SDH of F. oxysporum (−8.3 kcal mol − 1 ), R. solani (−8.3 kcal mol − 1 ), and M. incognita (−7.7 kcal mol − 1 ), respectively.