Green Hydrogen to Sustainable Fuels and Chemicals: A Review of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Olefins, Ammonia, and Light Alcohols

The transition to a carbon‐neutral energy economy requires the development of efficient, renewable energy carriers. Green hydrogen (GH2), produced via water electrolysis using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, is a promising solution but faces significant challenges related to storage, transport, and cost. This review explores the catalytic synthesis of alternative energy vectors, specifically light olefins, ammonia (NH ₃ ), and light alcohols such as methanol (CH ₃ OH) and ethanol (CH ₃ CH ₂ OH), using GH2 as a hydrogen source. This study investigates recent progress in catalyst engineering and process intensification across various energy vectors, with particular emphasis on the critical role of catalyst support materials in enhancing catalytic performance. For light olefins, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is highlighted, with a focus on Fe‐ and Co‐based catalysts supported on metal oxides and carbon materials and the influence of promoters and support morphology on selectivity and stability. Green NH ₃ synthesis is discussed, emphasizing both traditional Haber–Bosch (HB) processes and emerging pathways utilizing transition metals, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and metal‐free catalysts, with attention to catalytic activity under milder conditions. This review also covers the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) to light alcohols, such as CH ₃ OH and CH ₃ CH ₂ OH, detailing the roles of unsupported, metal oxide‐supported, and MOF‐supported catalysts in enhancing selectivity and yield. The synthesis of these energy vectors not only addresses the limitations of direct hydrogen use but also leverages existing infrastructure for storage and distribution, positioning them as key components in the future renewable energy landscape. This scientific revision of industrially relevant energy vectors for the GH2 industry concludes with an assessment of current challenges and future directions for catalyst design and process integration to enable the large‐scale adoption of GH2‐derived energy carriers.