Green Chitosan Nanoparticles for Malachite Green Dye Removal and Safety Evaluation
G. S. Amrish Varshan, S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam, Krithika Shree Sivasuriyan, Sowmya R.ABSTRACT
This study investigated fungal‐derived chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) for malachite green removal and evaluated biosafety in Cyprinus carpio . Adsorption efficiency increased with contact time and dosage, with optimal removal under moderately alkaline conditions, achieving ∼80% efficiency. Isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) indicated predominantly monolayer adsorption with heterogeneous surface interactions. Biosafety was assessed through a 60‐day feeding trial. Growth and survival (95.55%–96.66%) showed no significant variation. Hematological parameters remained within normal ranges, indicating non‐toxicity. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation confirmed oxidative stability. Histological analysis of midgut, gill, and muscle tissues showed no abnormalities. Gut microbiota analysis revealed reduced opportunistic Gram‐negative bacteria without imbalance. Overall, CSNP demonstrate effective adsorption and strong environmental safety.