Governance Practices That Facilitate Nature-Inclusive Behaviour

When it comes to encouraging nature-inclusive behaviour, a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach is still often used in practice. The literature suggests that approaches which take account of the differences between people are much more effective. However, research into how this should be tackled is still insufficient. This study aims to identify promising governance approaches that can effectively support behavioural change towards nature-inclusive behaviour. We conducted eight case studies across the Netherlands, applying an action-research approach to explore how citizens’ behaviour can be influenced in practice. Behavioural change was analysed using an adapted I-change model, while governance approaches were examined through the Policy Arrangement Approach. The findings from the case studies informed the design and implementation of targeted interventions. The results demonstrated that citizens differ substantially in their intentions to adopt nature-inclusive behaviour and therefore require approaches tailored to their specific needs and behavioural states. Importantly, the study also showed that all groups—including those who had initially not considered changing their behaviour—can potentially be encouraged to do so. Key triggers for behavioural change include ability factors, supporting factors, social-cultural influences, and information factors. We recommend that governmental organisations initially collaborate with receptive groups that are already active in nature-inclusive practices. Through this cooperation, governments can subsequently engage citizens in the preparation state by removing barriers to participation. Finally, people in the contemplation and pre-contemplation states can be reached by linking greening initiatives to liveability and by offering accessible social activities.