GNSS-Based Surface Reconstruction and Geometric Coverage Assessment for Soil Stabilization in Road Construction

This study presents a reproducible GNSS/INS-based workflow for reconstructing nominal binder-spreading footprints in road construction. Four Firebase measurement exports from 16,018 recorded observations were analyzed. Data preprocessing involved outlier detection, stagnation identification, transport and refilling route detection, and consistency checks between GNSS-derived movement direction and INS orientation. Temporal continuity was assessed using a 5 s threshold, with longer measurement gaps treated as segment boundaries and marked by inferred nozzle-off states. The resulting operating-state and navigation records were converted into CAD-compatible EOV polygons. The four archived AutoLISP outputs contain 164 reconstructed footprints. Within a 6173.52 m2 reference polygon, their four-day geometric union covers 5398.88 m2 (87.45%), leaving 774.64 m2 (12.55%) uncovered. The gross clipped polygon contribution is 17,698.40 m2, including 12,299.53 m2 of multiplicity-weighted redundancy. An independent 1000-replicate Monte Carlo registration-perturbation analysis, assuming independent daily EOV shifts uniformly distributed within ±0.25 m per coordinate, yielded a mean coverage of 87.57% and 2.5–97.5% simulation quantiles of 86.60–88.51%. All headline areas were independently recomputed from the unchanged AutoLISP polygon vertices and agree with the stored area metadata. The study establishes an auditable geometric basis for reviewing spatial coverage and repeated nominal application.