Global, Regional, and National Burden of Bone Cancers, 1990 to 2023, With Forecasts to 2050
, Chalinee Monsereenusorn, Catherine Bisignano, Miranda L. May, Natalie Pritchett, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Kayleigh Bhangdia, Louise Penberthy, Alistair Acheson, Michael J. Sullivan, Nickhill Bhakta, Hazim S. Ababneh, Hassan A. Abdou, Yasir M. Abdulateef, Zirak Ahmed Abdulrahman, Nagah M. Abourashed, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Swetha Acharya, Tajudeen Adesanmi Adebisi, Kamoru Ademola Adedokun, Franklin Akwasi Adjei, Jakob Adolf, Mahdi Aghaalikhani, Feleke Doyore Agide, Percival Delali Agordoh, Sajjad Ahmad, Haroon Ahmed, Damilare Michael Akintunde, Salah Al Awaidy, Mostafa Alam, Turki M. Alanzi, Kamran Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Rawaa Ali Hussein Saleh, Mohmmad Minwer Alnaeem, Mousa Alreshidi, Mohammed Amjed Alsaegh, Anas Alsalhani, Ali Salman Al-Shami, Awais Altaf, Elysia M. Alvarez, Junaid Amin, Abhishek Anil, Huda Anshasi, Saleha Anwar, Ashokan Arumugam, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout, Usman Ayub Awan, AKM Azad, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Ashish D. Badiye, Soroush Baghdadi, Abdul Rasheed Bahar, Atif Amin Baig, Mohammad Hassan Baig, Azadeh Bashiri, Mahdis Bayat, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayleyegn, Narasimha M. Beeraka, Sefealem Assefa Belay, Enku Shiferaw Belayneh, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Prarthna V. Bhardwaj, Nada Binmadi, Tone Bjørge, Michael Eric Bryan, Yasser Bustanji, Giulia Carreras, Iskender Cetinturk, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Haowei Chen, Hao Chi, Ronald Chow, Alyssa Columbus, Joao Conde, Xiaochen Dai, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Marina De Rui, Devananda Devegowda, Meghnath Dhimal, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Francesco Dondi, Senbagam Duraisamy, Aziz Eftekharimehrabad, Ebrahim Eini, Rabie Adel El Arab, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Yasir Ahmed Mohammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Leila Ellis, Rami Elmorsi, Sina Esmaeili, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Kaibin Fang, Aisha Farhana, Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Ayesha I. Firdose I, Aemon Berhane Fissha, Silvano Gallus, Sama Ghoba, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Anil Kumar Goel, Divya Gopinath, Giuseppe Gorini, Shi-Yang Guan, Bhuvaneshwari Gunasekar, Zheng Guo, Bhawna Gupta, Yalo Daba Gutu, Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz, Parham Habibzadeh, Shaymaa Hafedh Alkubaisy, Nguyen Hai Nam, Raz Mohammed Hama Salih, Nadia M. Hamdy, Abdelrahman M. Hamouda, Md Imdadul Haque, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Abd Alhadi Hasan, Arezou Hashem Zadeh, Nada Tawfig Hashim, Abbas M. Hassan, Simon I. Hay, Alamgir Hossain, Amir Human Hoveidaei, Chenyu Huang, Bing-Fang Hwang, Anel Ibrayeva, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Sikiru Opeyemi Imodoye, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Haitham Jahrami, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Mohammad Jokar, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Divya K L, Vidya Kadashetti, Arun Kamireddy, Ramat T. Kamorudeen, Saddam Fuad Kanaan, Jiseung Kang, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Sajad Karampoor, Manoj Kumar Kashyap, Hayat Ahmad Khan, Mohammad Aasif Khan, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Yusuf Saleem Khan, Daniel Kheradmand, Sepehr Khosravi, Azhin Mohammed Khudhur, Yihyun Kim, Farzad Kompani, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Narinder Kumar, Kenney Ki Lee Lau, Hwamin Lee, Dawit Alemu Lemma, Elvynna Leong, Mengyi Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Luís Carlos Lopes-Júnior, José Francisco López-Gil, Shanjie Luan, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin, Mohammed M. Hussein M. Raouf, Nozad Hussein Mahmood, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Kaleem Maqsood, Aleyamma Mathew, Khurshid A. Mattoo, Sidik Maulana, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ali H. Mokdad, Paula Moraga, Seyedarad Mosalamiaghili, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Christopher J. L. Murray, Sherzad Ibrahim Mustafa, Sathish Muthu, Daniel Najafali, Mohammad Zeeshan Najm, Zuhair S. Natto, Hien Thu Nguyen, Rasaq A. Ojasanya, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Ahmed Omar Bali, Hüseyin Örün, Oladayo Ayobami Oyebanji, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Evangelos Pappas, Tae Hwan Park, Roberto Passera, Shivani Vinayakkumar Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Jeevan Pereira, Simone Perna, Thantrira Porntaveetus, Husam Qanash, Emine A. Rahiman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Gunaseelan Rajendran, Nurgali Amanbaiuly Rakhymbayev, Rafał Rakoczy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Devarajan Rathish, Salman Rawaf, Nazila Rezaei, Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha, Chanapong Rojanaworarit, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Mohammed Safi, Vaibhav Sahni, Ambika Sahoo, Dorsa Salabat, Abdallah M. Samy, Aswini Saravanan, Jacob Owusu Sarfo, Mehrdad Savabi Far, Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt, Mostafa Shaban, Ali Shahriari, Ghada Shahrour, Jaime Shalkow-Klincovstein, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Shirindokht Shirazi, Km Shivangi, Mohammad Shokouhifar, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Dharmsheel Shrivastav, Paramdeep Singh, Prince Kumar Singh, Surjit Singh, Ranjan Solanki, Yizhe Song, Quirin D. Strotzer, Omer Subasi, Aravindkumar Subramanian, Iman M. Talaat, Wamidh H. Talib, Jianye Tan, Saba Tariq, Aigul Yelgondiyevna Tazhiyeva, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Mohammad R. Thalji, Giovanni Trisolino, Quynh Xuan Nguyen Truong, Irfan Ullah, Lawan Umar, Shehu Salihu Umar, Vignesh Vikram, Gabriela Ines Villanueva, Tuan Vinh, Gollapalle Lakshminarayanashastry Viswanatha, Ali Wagdy, Xingxin Wang, Ishanka Weerasekara, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Mieszko Wieckiewicz, Peng Wu, Galal Yahya, Yazachew Engida Yismaw, Quan Yuan, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Mohammed G. M. Zeariya, Daniel Xin Zhang, Heng Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Lei Zheng, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Shaher H. Zyoud, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Lisa M. ForceImportance
Primary bone cancers include multiple histologic types, with survival differing by age and location. Results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 were analyzed to support policies and initiatives worldwide.
Objective
To estimate the global burden of bone cancer from 1990 to 2023 and forecast future trends to 2050.
Design, Setting, and Participants
This systematic analysis estimated bone cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories grouped by GBD super-regions and World Bank income groups from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts through 2050. Individuals of all ages with bone cancers included in the GBD 2023 study were included in analyses. Data were analyzed from June 2023 to July 2025.
Main Outcomes and Measures
The GBD 2023 study used standardized estimation methods to describe bone cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs in 2023, as well as trends over the past 3 decades and forecasts through 2050. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) were calculated using GBD-specific age weights.
Results
In 2023, there were 111 000 (95% UI, 81 300-164 000) malignant bone cancer cases, 76 600 (95% UI, 60 700-96 300) deaths, and 3.02 million (95% UI, 2.29 million-3.96 million) DALYs globally. A bimodal age distribution was noted in both incidence (peaking at ages 10 to 14 years and 65 to 69 years) and mortality (peaking at ages 15 to 19 years and 65 to 69 years). The highest ASRs for incidence were in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (1.6 per 100 000; 95% UI, 1.1-2.4), while Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASRs for DALYs (51.0 per 100 000; 95% UI, 27.7-79.7). By World Bank income group, upper-middle–income countries had the highest ASRs for incidence, whereas low-income countries exhibited the highest ASRs for both mortality and DALYs. Globally, incident cases, deaths, and DALYs increased from 1990 to 2023, while global mortality and DALY ASRs were relatively stable; high-income countries experienced a decline in mortality and DALY ASRs. Forecasts suggest a potential increase in global cases and deaths by 2050.
Conclusions and Relevance
In this systematic analysis, the burden of bone cancer varied by age, geography, and time, underscoring global disparities. These findings provide valuable insights to inform health system planning and resource allocation tailored to different settings.